Introduction to Linux Tutorial in English

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 Introduction:


It is an operating system which is much like Microsoft window and apple Macintosh. It is open source and freely available without any cost. It is Unix like computer operating system which are assembled at free cost and under open-source software development & distribution. It shares the kernel and has gnu utilities. It comes in different variations to serve different purposes of end users.
Debian: It is well known for its reliability and extensive package repository which may be used for both production and development environments. Red hat: It is used in server environments. Linux mint: It is suitable for beginners who want to compare with Microsoft os.Fedora: It is popular choice for the developers and perfect platform for software testing and development. Gentoo Linux: It is used by advanced users. CentOS: It is used in server environments. Ubuntu: It is used by the beginners. OpenSUSE: It is preferred by system administrators.Archlinux: It is used by advanced users.
It was developed by linux Torvalds in the year 1991.He draws an idea from Unix and Minix operating system.

Applications:

Most of the web servers and database set are using for running. It is used in research work and high-performance computing work. It is used in modern smartphones and devices. It is powerful tool for research data centres.It is also called as POSIX (Portable operating system interface Unix).
It is used in game consoles. It is used in network appliances like router. It is used in configuring IP addresses, setting up firewallls,monitoring traffic and enabling communications between the devices and server. Command line interface is the most important interface for learning linux.
 It is open-source OS kernel powering millions of devices across worldwide. It runs embedded systems.
 Core kernel is the interface which is directly get accompany with hardware components like CPU and memory. Resource manager handles CPU, memory and storage allocations efficiently. It is used in cloud computing resources like Google cloud,AWS and Azure. It is used in data science.



It is used in IOT (internet of things) devices. Ubuntu is used to design for the tutorial.
You can install with the help of virtual machine using ISO file, pen drive and dual boot setups.
 It comes under the packages which is the distributions or distro which includes kernel, operating system and system libraries. Its distributions are mostly used in the server domain. It is used in mainframe computers, supercomputers and workstations. Source code of linux are used, modified, distributed commercially or non-commercially under general public license. C language was used to build this. It is also used in developer environments. It is used in web servers and hosting. It is used in system administration. It is used in cybersecurity and ethical hacking. So, kali linux is used.
 Companies like google, amazon, Facebook ,Netflix ,IBM ,NASA ,Twitter ,Tesla ,Wikipedia  & Airbnb are using for running their operational workday to day task activities.

It includes some of the common core components like GNU tools which helps to manage the resources provided by the kernel, install software, configure performance and security settings. If you are using the GUI [graphical user interface] which means that we are providing instructions to the computer with the help of mouse clicks or buttons. It had been evolved from Unix operating system which is based on the kernel is called as the brain of operating system because it manages how the computer interacts with its hardware and resources. It is combined with the collection of software package and utilities are called as linux distributions which makes the end user applications to perform tasks in secure and an efficient manner. Due to flexibility, durability & strong community support ,developers ,businesses and educational institutions are frequently opting it. It is an operating system which is made up of collection of software based on the kernel. Its architecture which comprises the kernel, system libraries, shell, hardware layer and utilities. 

Disadvantages:

It is not user friendly due to confusing in nature for beginners.

Advantages:

Linux is more secure than any other operating systems. It has few malwares which is less vulnerable, and it does not require antivirus software.
 Its update is easy and frequent.
 It has large community support.
 Privacy of the users are maintained.
 Performance of the linux system is much higher than any other operating system.
 It is compatible with large no of file formats.

Architecture:

 It comprises of five things like:
Kernel:  It is the core of the operating system and virtualizes the hardware resources of the computer to provide each process with its virtual resources. It is also responsible for preventing and mitigating conflicts between the different process.
System Library: It is also known as shared libraries which is used to implement the various functionalities of the operating system. It contains prewritten code which instructs applications to perform certain specific tasks. Developers can save their time and effort as they don't need to write the same code repeatedly. It acts as an interface between the applications and the kernel.
Shell: It is the user interface and allows the end user to interact with the kernel with the help of command line interface. Kernel processes the user request and displays the output.
Hardware layer: It consists of physical components of the computer such as ram [random access memory], CPU [Central Processing Unit], Hard disk drive [HDD] & input/output devices. It is responsible for interacting with an operating system and providing an essential resource for the system & applications to function properly. Kernel and system libraries enable communication and control over these hardware components so that they can collaborate work in the harmonious manner.
 System utility: It is an essential tool and program which is provided by the operating system to manage and perform various tasks like installation of software, configuring network settings, monitoring system performance, managing users and permissions which simplify the tasks of system administration.









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